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In others they are voluntarily implemented by private operators (e.g., internet service providers).
In some cases these are encouraged or required by the state and used by state agencies. National security concerns, terrorism and crime, and issues regarding child protection have resulted in the state introducing extensive surveillance measures over online communications as well as filtering and tracking practices. Since the mid-2000s there has been a gradual shift toward increased surveillance and police measures in the UK. Individuals and groups routinely use the Internet, including e-mail, to express a wide range of views. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combine to ensure freedom of speech and press. The law provides for freedom of speech and press, and prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government routinely respects these rights and prohibitions. Moreover there is a broad sweep of exceptions in the Convention. Where courts cannot interpret compatibly, some courts can issue a declaration of incompatibility however the incompatible domestic legislation remains intact and it is for Parliament to decide whether to amend it to bring it into line with the Convention. This was achieved under the Human Rights Act 1998 by requiring courts, if necessary, to strain the meaning of domestic law to be compatible with Convention rights and public authorities also have a duty to act compatibly with these rights. In 2000, the United Kingdom required its courts to interpret as far as they can its domestic legislation compatibly with the European Convention, and the guarantee of freedom of expression it contains in Article 10. 1.4.4 Proposals to limit social media, following August 2011 riotsīritish citizens have a negative right to freedom of expression under the common law.1.3.3 CPS advice regarding depictions of consensual legal acts.1.1.8 Libraries and educational institutions.1.1 Default network-level blocking by Internet service providers.